Baji_Rtc_Toy/managed_components/lvgl__lvgl/docs/overview/font.md

Fonts

In LVGL fonts are collections of bitmaps and other information required to render images of individual letters (glyph). A font is stored in a lv_font_t variable and can be set in a style's text_font field. For example:

lv_style_set_text_font(&my_style, &lv_font_montserrat_28);  /*Set a larger font*/

Fonts have a bpp (bits per pixel) property. It shows how many bits are used to describe a pixel in a font. The value stored for a pixel determines the pixel's opacity. This way, with higher bpp, the edges of the letter can be smoother. The possible bpp values are 1, 2, 4 and 8 (higher values mean better quality).

The bpp property also affects the amount of memory needed to store a font. For example, bpp = 4 makes a font nearly four times larger compared to bpp = 1.

Unicode support

LVGL supports UTF-8 encoded Unicode characters. Your editor needs to be configured to save your code/text as UTF-8 (usually this the default) and be sure that, LV_TXT_ENC is set to LV_TXT_ENC_UTF8 in lv_conf.h. (This is the default value)

To test it try

lv_obj_t * label1 = lv_label_create(lv_scr_act(), NULL);
lv_label_set_text(label1, LV_SYMBOL_OK);

If all works well, a ✓ character should be displayed.

Built-in fonts

There are several built-in fonts in different sizes, which can be enabled in lv_conf.h with LV_FONT_... defines.

Normal fonts

Containing all the ASCII characters, the degree symbol (U+00B0), the bullet symbol (U+2022) and the built-in symbols (see below).

• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_12 12 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_14 14 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_16 16 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_18 18 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_20 20 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_22 22 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_24 24 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_26 26 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_28 28 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_30 30 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_32 32 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_34 34 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_36 36 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_38 38 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_40 40 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_42 42 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_44 44 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_46 46 px font
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_48 48 px font

Special fonts

• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_12_SUBPX Same as normal 12 px font but with subpixel rendering
• LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_28_COMPRESSED Same as normal 28 px font but stored as a compressed font with 3 bpp
• LV_FONT_DEJAVU_16_PERSIAN_HEBREW 16 px font with normal range + Hebrew, Arabic, Persian letters and all their forms
• LV_FONT_SIMSUN_16_CJK16 px font with normal range plus 1000 of the most common CJK radicals
• LV_FONT_UNSCII_8 8 px pixel perfect font with only ASCII characters
• LV_FONT_UNSCII_16 16 px pixel perfect font with only ASCII characters

The built-in fonts are global variables with names like lv_font_montserrat_16 for a 16 px height font. To use them in a style, just add a pointer to a font variable like shown above.

The built-in fonts with bpp = 4 contain the ASCII characters and use the Montserrat font.

In addition to the ASCII range, the following symbols are also added to the built-in fonts from the FontAwesome font.

The symbols can be used singly as:

lv_label_set_text(my_label, LV_SYMBOL_OK);

Or together with strings (compile time string concatenation):

lv_label_set_text(my_label, LV_SYMBOL_OK "Apply");

Or more symbols together:

lv_label_set_text(my_label, LV_SYMBOL_OK LV_SYMBOL_WIFI LV_SYMBOL_PLAY);

Special features

Bidirectional support

Most languages use a Left-to-Right (LTR for short) writing direction, however some languages (such as Hebrew, Persian or Arabic) use Right-to-Left (RTL for short) direction.

LVGL not only supports RTL texts but supports mixed (a.k.a. bidirectional, BiDi) text rendering too. Some examples:

BiDi support is enabled by LV_USE_BIDI in lv_conf.h

All texts have a base direction (LTR or RTL) which determines some rendering rules and the default alignment of the text (Left or Right). However, in LVGL, the base direction is not only applied to labels. It's a general property which can be set for every object. If not set then it will be inherited from the parent. This means it's enough to set the base direction of a screen and every object will inherit it.

The default base direction for screens can be set by LV_BIDI_BASE_DIR_DEF in lv_conf.h and other objects inherit the base direction from their parent.

To set an object's base direction use lv_obj_set_base_dir(obj, base_dir). The possible base directions are:

• LV_BIDI_DIR_LTR: Left to Right base direction
• LV_BIDI_DIR_RTL: Right to Left base direction
• LV_BIDI_DIR_AUTO: Auto detect base direction
• LV_BIDI_DIR_INHERIT: Inherit base direction from the parent (or a default value for non-screen objects)

This list summarizes the effect of RTL base direction on objects:

• Create objects by default on the right
• lv_tabview: Displays tabs from right to left
• lv_checkbox: Shows the box on the right
• lv_btnmatrix: Shows buttons from right to left
• lv_list: Shows icons on the right
• lv_dropdown: Aligns options to the right
• The texts in lv_table, lv_btnmatrix, lv_keyboard, lv_tabview, lv_dropdown, lv_roller are "BiDi processed" to be displayed correctly

Arabic and Persian support

There are some special rules to display Arabic and Persian characters: the form of a character depends on its position in the text. A different form of the same letter needs to be used when it is isolated, at start, middle or end positions. Besides these, some conjunction rules should also be taken into account.

LVGL supports these rules if LV_USE_ARABIC_PERSIAN_CHARS is enabled.

However, there are some limitations:

• Only displaying text is supported (e.g. on labels), text inputs (e.g. text area) don't support this feature.
• Static text (i.e. const) is not processed. E.g. texts set by lv_label_set_text() will be "Arabic processed" but lv_lable_set_text_static() won't.
• Text get functions (e.g. lv_label_get_text()) will return the processed text.

Subpixel rendering

Subpixel rendering allows for tripling the horizontal resolution by rendering anti-aliased edges on Red, Green and Blue channels instead of at pixel level granularity. This takes advantage of the position of physical color channels of each pixel, resulting in higher quality letter anti-aliasing. Learn more here.

For subpixel rendering, the fonts need to be generated with special settings:

• In the online converter tick the Subpixel box
• In the command line tool use --lcd flag. Note that the generated font needs about three times more memory.

Subpixel rendering works only if the color channels of the pixels have a horizontal layout. That is the R, G, B channels are next to each other and not above each other. The order of color channels also needs to match with the library settings. By default, LVGL assumes RGB order, however this can be swapped by setting LV_SUBPX_BGR 1 in lv_conf.h.

Compressed fonts

The bitmaps of fonts can be compressed by

• ticking the Compressed check box in the online converter
• not passing the --no-compress flag to the offline converter (compression is applied by default)

Compression is more effective with larger fonts and higher bpp. However, it's about 30% slower to render compressed fonts. Therefore, it's recommended to compress only the largest fonts of a user interface, because

• they need the most memory
• they can be compressed better
• and probably they are used less frequently then the medium-sized fonts, so the performance cost is smaller.

Add a new font

There are several ways to add a new font to your project:

1. The simplest method is to use the Online font converter. Just set the parameters, click the Convert button, copy the font to your project and use it. Be sure to carefully read the steps provided on that site or you will get an error while converting.
2. Use the Offline font converter. (Requires Node.js to be installed)
3. If you want to create something like the built-in fonts (Montserrat font and symbols) but in a different size and/or ranges, you can use the built_in_font_gen.py script in lvgl/scripts/built_in_font folder. (This requires Python and lv_font_conv to be installed)

To declare a font in a file, use LV_FONT_DECLARE(my_font_name).

To make fonts globally available (like the built-in fonts), add them to LV_FONT_CUSTOM_DECLARE in lv_conf.h.

Add new symbols

The built-in symbols are created from the FontAwesome font.

1. Search for a symbol on https://fontawesome.com. For example the USB symbol. Copy its Unicode ID which is 0xf287 in this case.
2. Open the Online font converter. Add FontAwesome.woff. .
3. Set the parameters such as Name, Size, BPP. You'll use this name to declare and use the font in your code.
4. Add the Unicode ID of the symbol to the range field. E.g. 0xf287 for the USB symbol. More symbols can be enumerated with ,.
5. Convert the font and copy the generated source code to your project. Make sure to compile the .c file of your font.
6. Declare the font using extern lv_font_t my_font_name; or simply use LV_FONT_DECLARE(my_font_name);.

Using the symbol

1. Convert the Unicode value to UTF8, for example on this site. For 0xf287 the Hex UTF-8 bytes are EF 8A 87.
2. Create a define string from the UTF8 values: #define MY_USB_SYMBOL "\xEF\x8A\x87"
3. Create a label and set the text. Eg. lv_label_set_text(label, MY_USB_SYMBOL)

Note - lv_label_set_text(label, MY_USB_SYMBOL) searches for this symbol in the font defined in style.text.font properties. To use the symbol you may need to change it. Eg style.text.font = my_font_name

Load a font at run-time

lv_font_load can be used to load a font from a file. The font needs to have a special binary format. (Not TTF or WOFF). Use lv_font_conv with the --format bin option to generate an LVGL compatible font file.

Note that to load a font LVGL's filesystem needs to be enabled and a driver must be added.

Example

lv_font_t * my_font;
my_font = lv_font_load(X/path/to/my_font.bin);

/*Use the font*/

/*Free the font if not required anymore*/
lv_font_free(my_font);

Add a new font engine

LVGL's font interface is designed to be very flexible but, even so, you can add your own font engine in place of LVGL's internal one. For example, you can use FreeType to real-time render glyphs from TTF fonts or use an external flash to store the font's bitmap and read them when the library needs them.

A ready to use FreeType can be found in lv_freetype repository.

To do this, a custom lv_font_t variable needs to be created:

/*Describe the properties of a font*/
lv_font_t my_font;
my_font.get_glyph_dsc = my_get_glyph_dsc_cb;        /*Set a callback to get info about glyphs*/
my_font.get_glyph_bitmap = my_get_glyph_bitmap_cb;  /*Set a callback to get bitmap of a glyph*/
my_font.line_height = height;                       /*The real line height where any text fits*/
my_font.base_line = base_line;                      /*Base line measured from the top of line_height*/
my_font.dsc = something_required;                   /*Store any implementation specific data here*/
my_font.user_data = user_data;                      /*Optionally some extra user data*/

...

/* Get info about glyph of `unicode_letter` in `font` font.
 * Store the result in `dsc_out`.
 * The next letter (`unicode_letter_next`) might be used to calculate the width required by this glyph (kerning)
 */
bool my_get_glyph_dsc_cb(const lv_font_t * font, lv_font_glyph_dsc_t * dsc_out, uint32_t unicode_letter, uint32_t unicode_letter_next)
{
    /*Your code here*/

    /* Store the result.
     * For example ...
     */
    dsc_out->adv_w = 12;        /*Horizontal space required by the glyph in [px]*/
    dsc_out->box_h = 8;         /*Height of the bitmap in [px]*/
    dsc_out->box_w = 6;         /*Width of the bitmap in [px]*/
    dsc_out->ofs_x = 0;         /*X offset of the bitmap in [pf]*/
    dsc_out->ofs_y = 3;         /*Y offset of the bitmap measured from the as line*/
    dsc_out->bpp   = 2;         /*Bits per pixel: 1/2/4/8*/

    return true;                /*true: glyph found; false: glyph was not found*/
}


/* Get the bitmap of `unicode_letter` from `font`. */
const uint8_t * my_get_glyph_bitmap_cb(const lv_font_t * font, uint32_t unicode_letter)
{
    /* Your code here */

    /* The bitmap should be a continuous bitstream where
     * each pixel is represented by `bpp` bits */

    return bitmap;    /*Or NULL if not found*/
}

Use font fallback

You can specify fallback in lv_font_t to provide fallback to the font. When the font fails to find glyph to a letter, it will try to let font from fallback to handle.

fallback can be chained, so it will try to solve until there is no fallback set.

/* Roboto font doesn't have support for CJK glyphs */
lv_font_t *roboto = my_font_load_function();
/* Droid Sans Fallback has more glyphs but its typeface doesn't look good as Roboto */
lv_font_t *droid_sans_fallback = my_font_load_function();
/* So now we can display Roboto for supported characters while having wider characters set support */
roboto->fallback = droid_sans_fallback;